12–15% of the AP exam. Key topics: Law of reflection and plane mirrors, Snell's law of refraction (n₁ sinθ₁ = n₂ sinθ₂), Total internal reflection and critical angle, Ray diagrams for concave and convex mirrors, Ray diagrams for converging (convex) and diverging (concave) lenses, Thin-lens and mirror equation (1/f = 1/d_o + 1/d_i), Magnification (m = −d_i/d_o = h_i/h_o), Real vs. virtual images: location and orientation, Focal length sign conventions for converging vs. diverging optical elements, Multi-lens systems (qualitative and quantitative).
Study guide content for this unit is being prepared. Check back soon for complete lesson notes, formula sheets, and worked examples.
