12–15% of the AP exam. Key topics: New imperialism: motives (economic, political, strategic, ideological) and the European scramble for Africa, Berlin Conference (1884–85): partition of Africa among European powers without African consent, British imperialism in India: East India Company to Crown rule, economic extraction, cash-crop agriculture, Opium Wars (1839–42, 1856–60): British forced opening of Chinese markets; unequal treaties, Meiji Restoration (1868): Japanese industrialization and selective Westernization as anti-colonial strategy, Resistance movements: Indian Sepoy Mutiny (1857), Chinese Boxer Rebellion (1900), Ethiopian victory at Adwa (1896), Indentured labor migration: South Asian workers to Caribbean and Pacific; Chinese diaspora to Americas, Social Darwinism and 'civilizing mission' as ideological justifications for imperialism, Environmental consequences: deforestation, resource extraction, cash-crop monocultures.
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