10–17% of the AP exam. Key topics: French and Indian War and its imperial consequences, Parliamentary taxation disputes (Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Tea Act), Revolutionary philosophy: Enlightenment (Locke), republicanism, natural rights, American Revolution: causes, conduct, and outcomes, Articles of Confederation: structure and weaknesses, Constitutional Convention and ratification debates, Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist arguments (Bill of Rights), Hamilton vs. Jefferson policy debates (national bank, assumption, foreign policy), Early republic foreign policy (Neutrality Proclamation, Jay's Treaty, XYZ Affair), Challenges to federal authority (Whiskey Rebellion, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions).
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