12–15% of the AP exam. Key topics: Population vs. sample; census vs. sample survey, Sampling methods: simple random sample (SRS), stratified random, cluster, systematic, Sources of bias: undercoverage, nonresponse bias, response bias, wording bias, Observational studies vs. experiments, Confounding variables and lurking variables, Principles of experimental design: control, randomization, replication, blinding, Placebo effect and control groups, Completely randomized designs, Randomized block designs, Matched pairs designs.
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