15–25% of the AP exam. Key topics: Stress: stressors (life events, daily hassles, catastrophes), appraisal, physiological stress response, general adaptation syndrome (Selye), HPA axis, cortisol, psychoneuroimmunology, Coping: problem-focused vs. emotion-focused coping, resilience, social support, positive psychology (Seligman, Csikszentmihalyi — flow), Health behaviors: exercise, sleep, substance use, Psychological disorders classification: DSM-5-TR, medical model vs. biopsychosocial model, culture-bound syndromes, Anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific and social phobias, OCD, PTSD; biological and cognitive-behavioral explanations, Depressive disorders: major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder; neurotransmitter theories, Beck's cognitive triad, learned helplessness model, Bipolar disorders: bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia, Schizophrenia: positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech) and negative symptoms (flat affect, alogia, avolition); dopamine hypothesis; genetic and prenatal risk factors, Dissociative disorders: dissociative identity disorder (DID), dissociative amnesia, Personality disorders: borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, Neurodevelopmental disorders: ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, Eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy: free association, dream analysis, transference, resistance, Humanistic therapy: client-centered therapy (Rogers), active listening, empathy, unconditional positive regard, Behavioral therapies: exposure therapy, systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, token economies, Cognitive and CBT: Beck's cognitive therapy, Ellis's REBT, cognitive restructuring; evidence base for CBT, Biomedical treatments: antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs), anxiolytics (benzodiazepines), antipsychotics (typical and atypical), mood stabilizers (lithium); ECT; TMS; lobotomy (historical context), Community and preventative approaches: deinstitutionalization, community mental health centers, prevention frameworks.
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