10–15% of the AP exam. Key topics: French absolute monarchy: Louis XIV, Versailles as a political tool, intendant system, Mercantilism and Colbert's economic policies under Louis XIV, English Civil War: causes, Parliament vs. Crown, execution of Charles I, The Interregnum and Cromwell's Commonwealth, The Glorious Revolution (1688): William and Mary, limited monarchy, English Bill of Rights (1689) and John Locke's political theory, Dutch Republic: republicanism, commercial dominance, religious toleration, Peter the Great: Westernization of Russia, modernization of the military and bureaucracy, War of Spanish Succession and the balance-of-power principle.
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