17–22% of the AP exam. Key topics: Binary representation: bits and bytes, Binary-to-decimal and decimal-to-binary conversion, Data types and their binary representation (integers, floating point, text), Analog vs. digital data; sampling rate and resolution, Lossless compression vs. lossy compression, Metadata: definition and privacy implications, Extracting information from data: patterns, trends, and insights, Data analysis and visualization, Correlation vs. causation in data, Limitations of data: incomplete data, biased samples, Data privacy and security concerns, Analog-to-digital conversion.
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